DNA isn't just a long string of genetic code, but an intricate 3D structure folded inside each cell. That means the tools used to study DNA need to be just as sophisticated—able to read not only the ...

For decades, biologists have known that the instructions for life are written in DNA, yet the vast majority of those letters seemed to sit in the dark, doing little that was obvious. Now a new ...

Tue, March 31, 2026 at 12:00 PM UTC When you drill down far enough, life becomes an alphabet soup of letters—four of them to be exact. These nucleotides—adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and ...

The genetic building blocks of life—formed from the four nucleotides adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)—are read in groups of three known as codons. While some codons (known as ...